taba'cum: derivation uncertain. Gledhill says "from the Mexican-Spanish Carib vernacular name, tobaco, for the pipe used for smoking the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum." The Online Etymology Dictionary says that tobaco came in part from an Arawakan language of the Caribbean (probably Taino), said to mean "a roll of tobacco leaves," and this was according to Bartolomé de las Casas, a 16th-century Spanish landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a historian and social reformer. The West Indian island of Tobago was said to have been named by Columbus in 1498 from Haitian tambaku, "pipe," in reference to the native custom of smoking dried tobacco leaves. And thus are words used in various and related forms across time and geography.

tabernaemonta'ni: named for Jacob Theodor von Bergzabern (Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus) (1520-1590). The

following is from Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names: "...personal physician to the Count of the Palatine at Heidelberg, West Germany. He was born in the town of Bergzabern in the Palatinate region of Germany and was a student of the German botanist Hieronymus Bock.  He Latinized his name as Tabernaemontanus [which means Tavern in the mountains] and is also commemorated by species named for him in Amsonia, Potentilla and Scirpus. He was the author of a celebrated herbal Neuw Kreuterbuch (1588-1591), of which the illustrations were issued separately at Frankfurt-am-Main in 1590 under the

title Eicones Plantarum. The woodcuts were mostly copied from those in other herbals but make an attractive book. The London printer, John Norton, acquired them from the Frankfurt printer Nicholaus Bassaeus and used them in 1597 to illustrate Gerard's Herball." Many of the websites that mention von Bergzabern have to do with beer and brewing, a subject he was apparently very interested in. He studied at the University of Heidelberg, was married three times and had eighteen children. He spent a lifetime botanizing and practicing medicine and has been called the "Father of German botany." His work provided material for the better-known Herball of John Gerard (1597).  He supported himself by serving as a court physician to a number of German nobles such as Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, and Marquard von Hattstein, Bishop of Speyer. The genus Tabernaemontana was created in his honor by Charles Plumier and the name was adopted and published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

tae'da: an ancient name for resinous pine cones used for torches. This species is called the loblolly pine and that name is interesting. Wikipedia says that "The word loblolly is a combination of "lob," referring to thick, heavy bubbling of cooking porridge, and "lolly," an old English dialect word for broth, soup,or any other food boiled in a pot. In the southern United States the word is used to mean a "mudhole" or "mire," a sense derived from an allusion to the consistency of porridge. Hence the pine is named as it is generally found in lowland or swampy areas."

Taenid'ia: from Greek tainidion, "a small ribbon," diminutive of tainia. The genus Taenidia, called yellow pimpernel, was published by Carl Georg Oscar Drude in 1898.

Tage'tes: named for the Etruscan god Tages who supposedly emerged from the earth as it was being ploughed and was imbued with the power of divination. The genus Tagetes was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and its common name is marigold.

tainturier'i: named for Louis Tainturier des Essards (c.1767-1839), professor of mathematics and music in New Orleans. He was born in Haiti where he father had moved in 1742, and he went to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution. He lived for some time in Paris.

Tal'inum: derivation obscure. Flora of North America says: "Apparently from an African vernacular name." And Gledhill says "some derive it from a word for gtrrm branch, for its verfure." Some suggest a vernacular name coming from Senegal. The genus Talinum was published by Michel Adanson in 1763 and is called fameflower.

Tam'arix: the Latin name for this plant which may refer to the Tamaris River in Hispania Tarraconensis (Spain), although FNA gives the etymology as from Arabic tamr, a tree with dark bark. Another source says "The term Tamarix is ​​derived from Támaris, river of Hiberia and assonant with the Arabic tamár." The genus Tamarix was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called tamarisk.

Tanace'tum: from the medieval Latin name tanazita, in turn derived from Greek athanasia, "immortality," of uncertain application to this taxa. The genus Tanacetum was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and it is called tansy.

Tarax'acum: medieval name traceable through Arabic to the Persian talkh chakok, meaning "bitter herb. The Desktop Guide to Herbal Medicine by Brigitte Mars (2009) states “Opinions differ on the origin of dandelion’s genus name, Taraxacum. Some believe that it derives from the Persian talkh chakok, “bitter herb.” Others propose that it derives from the Greek taraxos, “disorder,” and akos, “remedy.” Still others believe it could be derived from the Greek taraxia, “eye disorder,” and akeomai, “to cure,” as the plant was traditionally used as a remedy for eyes.” The online Free Dictionary says “from Medieval Latin, from Arabic tarakhshaqūn, 'wild chicory,' perhaps of Persian origin." And the 1894 Vol. 4 of the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales says “Though it is a plant which must have been well known to the ancients, no distinct reference to it can be traced, either in the classics of Greece or Italy, although a plant mentioned by Theophrastus is thought to be it. The word taraxacum is usually considered to be of Oriental origin, probably meaning “wild lettuce”, and we first meet with it in the works of Arabian physicians, who regarded it as a sort of wild endive. It is thus mentioned by Rhazes in the tenth and by Avicenna in the eleventh century. Some commentators consider it to be one of the bitter herbs eaten with the Passover lamb by the Israelites when leaving Egypt.”  The dandelion has formerly gone by the Latin names of Taraxacum densleonis and Leontodon taraxacum which is what Linnaeus called it. Both names have reference to the French dent de lion and the Latin dens leonis, meaning "tooth of the lion," and are an allusion apparently to the jagged edges of the plant’s leaves. The dandelion had been known and utilized for centuries, and it had a widespread use in 18th century herbal pharmacology. Dandelion concoctions were common in European drugs of the early 19th century. Linnaeus called the common dandelion Leontodon Taraxacum, the specific name being adopted from an old time classical name. Leon is Latin for lion and -odon is Greek for tooth, so he thus used two linguistic sources for his genus name, and took the name Taraxacum from a Middle Eastern language, perhaps with the thought of illustrating the plant’s wide usage and appeal. The genus Taraxacum was published by Friedrich Heinrich Wiggers in 1780 and it is commonly called dandelion.

tar'da: late.

Taren'aya: origin obscure. The genus Tareneya is called spider flower and was published by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1838.

tatar'icus: Gledill says "from Tartary, Russia-Mongolia or the Tatar Strait area off Sakhalin Island." Tartary or Tatary was a blanket term used in Western European literature and cartography for a vast part of Asia bounded by the Caspian Sea, the Ural Mountains, the Pacific Ocean, and the northern borders of China, India and Persia, at a time when this region was largely unknown to European geographers.

Taxo'dium: yew-like, resembling the genus Taxus. The genus Taxodium was published in 1810 by Lois Claude Marie Richard.

Tax'us: the ancient Latin name for yew of Dioscorides. The genus Taxus was published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus.

tec'ta: concealed, covered, from Latin tectum or tectus, "disguised, hidden."

tector'um: of the roofs of houses, from tectum, "covered, concealed, hidden." Stearn adds that various plants growing on thatched roofs in Sweden were named tectorum by Linnaeus.

Teesdal'ia: named for Robert Teesdale (1740-1804), who was 5th Earl of Carlisle Frederick Howard's head gardener at his Baroque residence, Castle Howard in Yorkshire. Teesdale was one of the pioneers of botany in Yorkshire and a founding member of the Linnean Society of London. In 1792 he published a catalog of 197 rare plants from the district in which he lived entitled Plantae Eboracenses, or A Catalog of the More Rare Plants which grow wild in the Neighborhood of Castle Howard District. British botanist Robert Brown gave the mustard plant genus of the cruciferous family the scientific name Teesdalia for Teesdale's contribution to the study of the flora of Yorkshire, and it was published by William Townsend Aiton in 1812. The genus is called shepherd's cress.

telephio'ides: resembling genus Telephium.

teleph'ium: derivation uncertain but thought by some to be named after a surgical term for an ulcer that was particularly difficult to cure. This in turn was named after King Telephus [a king of Mysia in Asia Minor] who suffered from a spear wound that would not heal. Another suggestion is that the epithet is derived from a Greek word for a plant thought to be a symbol of reciprocated love ("far-off-lover").

temulen'tum: drunken, from the same root as temetum, “intoxicating drink,” and‎ -ulentus, “full of, abounding in.” Typical common names are darnel, poison darnel, darnel ryegrass or cockle. The French word for darnel is ivraie, from the Latin ebriacus, "intoxicated," which expresses the drunken nausea from eating the infected plant, which can be fatal.

tenel'lum/tenel'lus: from the Latin tener meaning "quite delicate, dainty."

tennesseen'sis: of or from Tennessee.

ten'ue/ten'uis: slender, from Latin tenuis, "thin, drawn out, meager, slim, slender."

tenuiflor'a: with slender flowers.

tenuifo'lia/tenuifo'lium: with finely-divided, slender leaves, from Latin tenuis, “thin,” and‎ folium, “leaf.”

ten'uis: slender.

tenuispath'eus: I am guessing this means with a slender spathe, from Latin tenuis, "thin, drawn out, meager, slim, slender," and spatheus, referring to a spathe.

tenuis'simus: very slender.

Tephro'sia: derives from the Greek tephros, "ash-coloured, ash-gray," and refers to the fact that most of the species are covered with grey hairs.The genus Tephrosia was published by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1807.

terebinthina'ceum/terebinthina'ceus: pertaining in some way to turpentine, and turpentine (at least the Chian variety) derives from the turpentine tree, Pistacia terebinthus, a member of the sumac family and a native of the Mediterranean region, specifically but perhaps not limited to the island of Chios.

te'res: cylindrical, circular in cross-section.

teretifo'lius: terete-leaved, that is, with leaves that are smooth and cylindrical, usually circular in cross-section, from the Latin teres, 'smooth or tapering, rounded.'

ternar'ius: containing or consisting of three things, of unknown application.

terna'ta/terna'tum: with parts in groups of three, referring often to the leaflets.

terniflor'a: with flowers in threes, from the Latin terni, "three," and flora, "flower."

terres'tris: in Latin means "on land," of the ground, growing on the ground as opposed to growing on trees or in water, from terra, “earth, Earth, land” and -estris, "belonging to."

tetan'ica: in English the word tetanic means of or relating to tetanus, causing tetanus, or any substance that causes tetanic spasms, and probably derives from the ancient Greek tétanos and Latin tetanicus. Merriam-Webster says for tetanic, "of, relating to, being, or tending to produce tetany or tetanus." The online Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin gives a further root of Latin tetano, “a convulsive tension of the muscles, tetanus." It also gives "rigid" as a meaning apparently attributed to Merritt Lyndon Fernald, and this would correspond to "convulsive spasms" and explain the common name of Carex tetanica as righid sedge.

tetrago'na: four-angled.

Tetragonothe'ca: from the Greek tetra, "four," gonio, "an angle," and theke, "a case for something, a box, a container," alluding to the quadrangular or tetragonal involucres. The genus Tetragonotheca was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and it is called squarehead.

Teu'crium: there seems to be a lot of confusion about this name, although most of the confusion may be on my part alone. The Jepson Manual simply says an ancient Greek name. The Botanary website says "Named for Teucer, a Trojan king who used the plant as a medicine; or possibly for Dr. Teucer, a botanist and physician." Stearns' Dictionary of Plant Names says: "Possibly named for Teucer, first king of Troy." The Columbia Encyclopedia gives two alternate meanings: "1. Ancestor and king of the Trojans, who are also called the Teucri. He was the father-in-law of Dardanus. 2. Son of Telamon and Hesione. He was the greatest archer in the Trojan War and a faithful comrade of his half brother, the Telamonian Ajax. When he returned home he was banished by his father, who mistakenly thought that Teucer was responsible for the death of Ajax. Teucer went to Cyprus, where he founded the town of Salamis and ruled as king." Umberto Quattrocchi states: "From the Greek teukrion, possibly for Teucer (Teukros), the founder of the town of Salamis in Cyprus." Encyclopedia Mythica says: "Teucer was the son of the river Scamander and the nymph Idaea, and was the legendary ancestor of the Trojans; hence the Trojans are often called 'Teucrians.' He should not be confused with the Teucer who was the son of Telamon and the brother of Ajax, and who fought against Troy during the Trojan War." And Wikipedia states that Teucer was "The son of Hesione and Telamon, Teucer fought with his half-brother, Ajax the Great, in the Trojan War and is the legendary founder of the city Salamis on Cyprus." Wikieperia also states that: "The name Teucrium was used by Pedanius Dioscorides for several species in this genus, and is believed to refer to King Teucer of Troy who used the plant in his medicine." It appears that there were two separate figures, Teucrus, who was the ancestor of the Trojans, and the Greek Teucer who fought in the Trojan War and founded Salamis. However, another website stated that the Teucer who was the founder ancestor of the Trojans also fought in the Trojan War against the Greeks, and I don't see how that would have been possible. As to which of these figures is honored by the name Teucrium, Pliny wrote that Teucer discovered Teucrium during the same period in which Achilles discovered Achillea, so he would be refering to the one who fought in the Trojan War. The genus Teucrium was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called germander.

texan'a/texan'um/texan'us: of or from Texas.

texen'sis: same as texanum.

thalia'na: after Johann Thal (1542-1583), German physician and botanist. He was born in Erfurt, Thuringia in central Germany, the son of a Protestant pastor. He was first schooled in Erfurt then went to the monastery school at Ilfeld (1558-1561), a then famous school under the direction of Michael Neander, a man Thal worshipped as a second father after the early death of his own father. Soon after entering that school, he had become enamored of botany and the natural world and had determined 72 grass species in the surrounding area and created his own herbarium. He then studied medicine at the University of Jena beginning in 1561 and practiced his profession in Stendal and then in Stolberg as a doctor in the city (1572), Whether he actually received any kind of medical degree is unclear. He worked for five years producing a compilation of the plants of the Harz Mountains and northern Thuringia region. While authors who preceded Thal had limited themselves to medicinally active plants, Thal's work was unique because it included all occurring plants. He first discovered what came to be called Arabidopsis thaliana in the Harz Mountains. He originally called it Pilosella siliquosa, and it went through several name changes before finally being named in his honor in 1842. This species has turned out to be an incredibly significant and important model organism in developmental biology. In 1583 he had a carriage accident and fractured his lower leg, dying as a result of his severe injuries three weeks later. His work Sylvia Hercynia was published posthumously in 1588.

Thalic'trum: from thaliktron, a name used to describe a plant with divided leaves, and a name given to the genus by Dioscorides, the Greek physician and pharmacologist who wrote the Materia Medica, which remained the leading pharmacological text for sixteen centuries. The genus Thalictrum was published by Carl Linnaes in 1753 and is called meadow-rue.

thap'sus: Nikander, Theocritus and Theophrastus wrote about Thapsus, a plant from Thapsos or Thapsus, Sicily, where mullein was gathered in ancient times and where it is still very common. The root was used to produce a yellow dye. There was also a Tunisian port called Thapsus, near modern-day Bakalta, sometimes referred to as Thapsus Minor to distinguish it from the Thapsus in Sicily. Numerous sources refer to both the Sicilian Thapsus and the Tunisian Thapsus as islands, which of course is not correct. Many common names have been applied to Verbascum thapsus including adam's flannel, aaron's rod, beggar's blanket, beggar's stalk, big taper, blanket herb, bullock's lungwort, candlewick plant, clot, clown's lungwort, common mullein, cuddy's lungs, duffle, feltwort, flannel mullein, flannel plant, flannel leaf, fluffweed, golden rod, hare's beard, hag's taper, jacob's staff, jupiter's staff, white mullein, mullein dock, old man's flannel, our lady's flannel, peter's staff, rag paper, shepherd's staff, shepherd's clubs, torches, velvet dock, velvet plant, woollen and wild ice leaf. The name Verbascum thapsus was published by Linnaeus in 1753.

Thas'pium: derivation uncertain but possibly a transposition from Thapsia, another genus in the Apiaceae. The genus Thaspium, called meadow parsnip, was published in 1818 by Thomas Nuttall.

Thelyp'teris: from the Greek thelys, "female," and pteris, "fern." The genus Thelypteris was published by Casimir Christoph Schmidel in 1763.

Them'eda: from an Arabic vernacular name, tha emed, which means a depression in which water lies after rain, subsequently drying in summer. The website AusGrass provides a different derivation meaning little water, possibly referring to water storage cells on the upper surface of the leaves or to the habitat of the type specimen in Yemen. The genus Themeda was published by Pehr Forsskål in 1775.

theophras'ti: named for the Greek philospher and botanist Theophrastos (371-c.287 B.C.). The following is quoted

from a website called Theophrastus of Eresos: "Around 320 BC the Greek philosopher Theophrastus begins the science of botany with his books De causis plantarum/The Causes of Plants and De historia plantarum/The History of Plants. In them he classifies 500 plants, develops a scientific terminology for describing biological structures, distinguishes between the internal organs and external tissues of plants, and gives the first clear account of plant sexual reproduction, including how to pollinate the date palm by hand. Theophrastus (or Theophrast or Theophrastos) (371 or 372 -287/286) BC, the son of Melantas,

born in Eresos on Lesbos, was a student of Aristotle and succeeded him as a director of the Lyceum in Athens. He took over the philosophy of Aristotle in parts reshaping, commenting, and developing it in an original way. His thinking leads to empirism by means of observation, collection, and classification. He was around 35 years the director of the Lyceum and he was a teacher of up to 2000 students. His true name was Tyrtamos of Eresos. Due to his oratory talents he was nicknamed Euphrastos, the well-spoken, eventually to become famous as Theophrastus, divine spoken. Having joined Plato’s Academy at the age of 17 he soon fell to Aristotle’s spell and accompanied him, still a young man, in his self-chosen exile on the Troad then on his home island Lesbos. He then disappeared from the record for three or more years – during which time some believe he traveled far, to Crete and Libya to come again at Aristotle’s side in Stageira. From there on he never again left his master except for his short last exile, succeeding him as the headmaster of the peripatetic school until his death in 287, at the venerable age of 85. He is said to have been a congenial chap, sworn bachelor and gourmet, and to have died of the sequels of the wedding party of one of his pupils. The main innovation of Theophrastus is his attempt to find a connection between the 'first principles' (the intelligible world, ratio) and the perceivable objects of nature; this distinction remains the main motive of occidental philosophy during the next two millenia with different solutions. Theophrastus is also called 'father of botany' and can be regarded as the founder of ecology, too. He described the origin of plants from seeds, he carried out germination experiments, discussed the influence of abiotic habitat factors on plants, the ecology of domestic plants, pollination of plants with the example of the fig, he invented a growth form terminology which is still valid (root, shoot). He described more than 500 species and varieties of plants from lands bordering the Atlantic and Mediterranean. He classified plants into trees, shrubs, under shrubs, and herbs. He noted that some flowers bear petals whereas others do not, and observed the different relative positions of the petals and ovary. In his work on propagation and germination, Theophrastus described the various ways in which specific plants and trees can grow: from seeds, from roots, from pieces torn off, from a branch or twig, or from a small piece of cleft wood."

Thermop'sis: from the Greek thermos for a lupine and -opsis, "like," bearing yellow lupine-like flower heads. The genus Thermopsis was published by Robert Brown in 1811 and is called golden-banner.

Thlas'pi: from the Greek thlaspis, a name used for cresses. The website of the WSSA (Weed Science Society of America) on field-pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) says: "Thlaspi, a name used by Dioscorides, is from the Greek thlao, "to flatten," and aspis, "shield," alluding to the shape of the fruits." The genus Thlaspi was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

thuillie'ri: named for Jean Louis Thuillier (1757-1822), French botanist, plant colector and bryologist. After receiving only a basic information, he became a gardener at the Jardin Royale des Plantes in Paris, and then spent most of his life at the Collège Charlemagne. He was often called upon by well-known French botanists like Louis Claude Marie Richard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu to accompany them on their botanical explorations. He traded in herbal collections and sold fully prepared herbariums to others including Benjamin Delessert. In 1790 he published Flore des environs de Paris.

Thu'ja: from the Greek name thuia or thyia, for a kind of juniper or other resinous tree. The genus Thuja was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Thunber'gia/thunber'gii: named for Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828), the ‘Father of South African botany.’ Stearn’s

Dictionary says: "He was a "...Swedish botanist, a student of Linnaeus who was pursuaded by Dutch lovers of new plants to enter the service of the Dutch East India Company as a doctor and send back plants from Japan to Europe. He travelled in South Africa and Japan and became professor of botany at Uppsala." He was born in Jönköping, Sweden, and attended Uppsala University where he was one of the students of Carl Linnaeus and graduated in 1767. Linnaeus encouraged him in 1770 to travel to Paris, Amsterdam and Leiden to deepen his knowledge of botany, medicine and natural history. Linnaeus’

Swedish pupil Johannes Burman convinced Thunberg to travel to the Indies to collect plants for the Leiden botanical garden, which he did for the Dutch East India Company in 1771. He was also experiencing a powerful attraction to South Africa, which he reached in 1772. He was there for three years and regularly undertook field trips and journeys into the interior of South Africa, during which time he not only collected specimens of flora and fauna but also studied the culture of the native people of Western South Africa who were called the Khoikhoi. At some point he met Francis Masson, a Scots gardener who had come to Cape Town to collect plants for the Royal Gardens at Kew. While in South Africa he graduated in absentia from the University of Uppsala as Doctor of Medicine. In 1775 he left the Cape for Batavia and travelled on to Japan.  At first restricted to a small artificial island in the Bay of Nagasaki by order of the Shogun, he was gradually allowed limited access to the city, and began trading medical knowledge for botanical information and the ability to collect specimens. He taught local doctors about treating syphilis and in turn learned about acupuncture. Wikipedia goes on to say: “In both countries, Thunberg's knowledge exchange hence led to a cultural opening-up effect which too manifested itself also in the spread of universities and boarding schools which taught knowledge on the other culture. For this reason, Thunberg has been given the title of being "the most important eye witness of Tokugawa Japan in the eighteenth century." “Due to his scientific reputation, Thunberg was given the opportunity in 1776 to accompany the Dutch ambassador M. Feith to the shogun's court in Edo, today's Tokyo. During that journey, the Swede was given the chance to collect a great number of specimen of plants and animals and likewise to talk to Japanese locals in the villages they traversed on their way. It is in this time that Thunberg wrote two of his scientific masterpieces, the Flora Japonica (1784) and the Fauna Japonica (1833). The latter was completed by the German traveller Philipp Franz von Siebold who visited Japan between 1823 and 1829. Yet, von Siebold based the Fauna Japonica on Thunberg's notes which he carried with him all the time in Japan.” In November 1776 he left Japan and travelled first to Java, then to Ceylon, before returning to Europe via South Africa in 1778. He made a short trip to London to meet Sir Joseph Banks, and then upon arriving back in Sweden, was appointed in 1781 professor of medicine and natural philosophy at the University of Uppsala. He published his Flora japonica in 1784, and in 1788 he began to publish his travels. He completed his Prodromus plantarum in 1800, his Icones plantarum japonicarum in 1805, and his Flora capensis in 1813. He had been elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and then in 1823 associated member of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands. He died near Uppsala in 1818. The genus Thunbergia was published in 1780 by Anders Jahan Retzius. The genus Thunbergia was published by Anders Jahan Retzius in 1776.

Thy'mus: the ancient Greek name from thymos, "a warty excrescence," used of the gland by Galen, literally "thyme," probably so called because of a fancied resemblance to a bud of thyme. The genus Thymus was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called thyme.

thyo'ides: like Thya or Thuja (White Cedar).

Tiarel'la: from the Greek tiara or tiaras for "a small tiara or turban," and the diminutive -ella, a Persian head-dress worn on great occasions, and alluding to the shape of the capsule. The genus Tiarella was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called foamflower.

Til'ia: the Latin name for the linden or lime tree. It is derived from and cognate to the Greek word ptelea meaning "elm tree" or tillai meaning "black poplar. The genus is generally called "lime" or "linden" in Britain and "linden", "lime", or "basswood" in North America. The genus Tilia was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called basswood or linden.

Tillands'ia: named for Elias Tillandz (1640-1692), Swedish-born doctor, botanist and university rector in Finland. He was born in Rogberga, Småland, Sweden under the name Tillander. He first studied at the Turku Academy, 1659-1962, then at Uppsala, 1663-1668, and Leiden University, 1668-1670, where he graduated as a doctor of medicine. As a student he travelled by boat from Turku to Stockholm and became so seasick that he returned by walking 1000 kilometers around the Gulf of Bothnia. From this supposedly arose his name Til-Landz, ‘by land.’ One of his professors was Olof Rudbeck the senior. He was the professor of medicine at the Academy of Turku. He wrote the country's first botanical work, the Catalogus Plantarum prope Aboam observatorum nasci observatarum, which was first published in 1673, and conducted the first autopsy in Finland. As a doctor he was very interested in the suitability of plants as herbs and prepared medicines for his patients by using his extensive knowledge of available plants. Tillandz founded Finland's first botanical garden in Turku in 1678. The genus Tillandsia was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called spanish-moss.

tinctor'ia/tinctor'ium: from the Latin word tinctus, meaning to dye or color, used in dyeing, and usually used to refer to a plant that when broken or crushed exudes some kind of stain.

tomento'sa/tomento'sum/tomento'sus: densely covered with matted wool or short hair, tomentose.

ton'sa: sheared, shorn, smooth-shaved, from the Latin tonsa, "shaven." The Latin word tonsa apparently also means "an oar," but that would seem not to be of significance here. The species Carex tonsa is commonly called shaved sedge. Interestingly the epithet 'tonsa' has also been applied to a species of ant, Solenopsis tonsa, and a website about that species says "The word 'tonsa' is Latin for “shaven” and is dubbed upon this species because of the distinctive hairless vertical strip down the center of the worker's head."

Toril'is: name used by Adanson in 1763, meaning obscure. Umberto Quattrocchi says "A meaningless name or possibly from toreo "to bore through, to pierce," referring to the prickled fruit. The genus Torilis, called hedge parsley or bur parsley, was published by Michel Adanson in 1763.

torresia'na: named for Luis de Torres of the Marianas Islands (1770?-?). One website says he was Governor of Guam in 1820 but his name is not on a list of the governors of that time.After much searching I finally found this in the Journal of Pacific History Vol. 36, N. 2, 2001, written by Pauld'Arcy: "In 1788, a large flotilla of canoes from Lamotrek made its way to Talo’fo’fo Bay. Helping the Lamotrekese was Torres, who assisted the islanders in obtaining the goods they desired. After several months on Guam, the Lamotrekese set sail, but not before they promised to return to Guam the following year. They never did, and no one knew why. The mystery would not be solved for another 15 years.By the early 1800s, the once lucrative Manila Galleon trade was coming to an end. Although the Spanish still held sway in the Marianas, American whalers and traders were plying western Pacific waters for the elusive sperm whale, fur seals, and trepang—sea cucumbers used by Asians gourmands in soups and by herbalists as an aphrodisiac. Most of the ships would stop at Guam to replenish stores and supplies. In 1804, Torres chartered a barely seaworthy schooner, owned by English shipmaster Samuel W. Boll, Maria, and stocked it with oxen, hogs, and useful plants. Torres’s humanitarian intention was to travel to Lamotrek to not only rekindle old friendships, but to solve the mystery of why the Lamotrekese never returned to Guam. The Maria made its way to Woleai, one of the most prominent atolls of the Yapese outer islands — where Torres learned that a typhoon in 1788 must have wiped out the voyagers on their way back from Guam. At Woleai, Torres left the livestock and plants. An English blacksmith, who had volunteered to teach his trade, remained at Woleai. Torres had once again re-established cordial relations with the islanders and trade would resume by 1805 between Guam and Woleai, Lamotrek, and Satawal. Unfortunately, the livestock were soon killed, the plants died out in the poor soil, and the Englishman, too, died shortly later. Early 19th century explorers from France, Russia, and Germany transcribed, extracted and disseminated considerable portions of Torres’ knowledge of the Carolinians, including their languages and geography. Scientist Adelbert von Chamisso in particular spent considerable time with Torres and as a result conveyed information on the Carolinians to Spanish authorities on Guam that they had lacked for centuries. On 17 March 1819, the L’Uranie, captained by Louis Claude de Freycinet, anchored off Umatac Bay and stayed for three months. The primary purpose of his stay at Guam was to gather scientific and ethnographic data. In 1828 the French scientist, Jules Sébastien César Dumont d’Urville, aboard the Astrolabe, made his way to Guam and anchored at Umatac for four weeks. This would be the first of two visits the eminent Frenchman would make to Guam, with the other occurring in 1839. Torres was on-hand to inform d’Urville about Guam’s history and Micronesian customs. Torres became a revered patron to the outer islanders due to his benevolence, and he helped create a better understanding of the western Pacific for the Europeans.

torreya'na/torreya'num: named for John Torrey (1796-1873), a professor of chemistry and one of the giants of North

American botany who described hundreds of plants brought or sent back by such explorers as John C. Fremont, William Emory, Charles Wilkes, Joseph Nicollet, Howard Stansbury and Charles Pickering, and sent back east also by the Mexican Boundary Expedition and the Pacific railroad survey expeditions, and who named many California species.  Born in New York, he began observing and collecting plants while still a youth. His father was appointed Fiscal Agent for the State Prison of New York when he was 15, and it was there that he met Amos Eaton, a pioneer in the field of natural science education. Eaton

encouraged the boy's natural inclinations in the sciences, and at the age of 21 Torrey was selected to prepare A Catalog of the Plants GrowingWithin Thirty Miles of New York. A year later, he received a medical degree and opened a practice, although he continued to spend a great deal of his leisure time on botany. He became Professor of Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology, and also Assistant-Surgeon, at West Point in 1824, and then Chair of Chemistry and Botany at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York three years later. At one time he was teaching at Columbia, Princeton and West Point simultaneously. His great contribution was not as a collector, but rather as a taxonomist, and he was the first American to move away from the Linnean system of plant classification.  Using John Lindley's system of arranging plants by families, he became of the first botanists to apply this to a major work, A Compendium of the flora of the northern and middle states. His interest in plants expanded to the Great Plains and the western Rocky Mountains after receiving the collections of Dr. Edwin James, botanist of the Long expedition of 1820. He was appointed State Botanist of New York in 1836 and in 1843 published A Flora of the State of New York. He became the mentor and lifelong friend and colleague of Asa Gray, who came to New York as a young student in the mid-1830s to study under the eminent Torrey and became his chemistry lab assistant. The two men co-authored Flora of North America, a major botanical work that was based at least in part on the descriptions and specimens of new plants sent east by Thomas Nuttall, but which was never completely finished during their lifetimes. His name was given to the Torrey pine in California by plant explorer Charles Parry who first found it.  A year before his death, he visited Parry in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and the latter was able to show him not only the peak he had named in Torrey's honor but also many living plants that he had described from dead specimens fifty years before. On that same trip he stayed with his friend George Engelmann in St. Louis and met John Muir in California. He was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and twice President of the New York Lyceum of Natural History. As though all of his other occupations were not enough, he also served as supervisor of the New York Mint, and despite being one of the greatest American botanists, I have read that he never was able to make a living as a botanist, and he always considered that chemistry was his true profession. He founded the Botanical Club of New York which later became the Torrey Botanical Club, and his own collection eventually went to the New York Botanical Garden. The genus Torreya was published by George Arnott Walker Arnott in 1838.

tor'reyi: see torreyana.

Torreyochlo'a: named for botanist John Torrey (1796-1873), see torreyana above. The genus Torreyochloa was published by George Lyle Church in 1949 and is called pale mannagrass.

tor'ta: twisted. The species Carex torta is commonly called twisted sedge, referring to the triangular flat tip in the apex of the perigynium, which is often twisted.

tortifo'lia: from the Latin for "twisted leaf."

tortil'is: twisted.

Toxicoden'dron: means "poison tree." The genus Toxicodendron was published by Philip Miller in 1754.

Trachelosper'mum: from Greek trachelos, "a neck," and sperma, "a seed." The genus Trachelospermum is called climbing dogbane and was published in 1851 by Antoine Charles Lemaire.

trachycaul'us: rough-stemmed, from the Greek trachys, "rough," and kaulos, "the stem of a plant."

trachysper'ma: from the Greek trachys, "rough," and sperma, "seed," thus rough-seeded.

Tradescan'tia: named for John Tradescant (1608-1662) (called John Tradescant the Younger), English gardener to King

Charles I. He was born in Meopham, Kent, England, the son of John Tradescant the Elder. He entered The King's School, Canterbury at the age of 11. In 1634, after a period of apprenticeship, he was admitted a freeman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners. In 1637 he sailed to Virginia to collect seeds and plants for English gardens. Among the seeds he brought back were great American trees like the Magnolia, Bald Cypress and Tulip tree, the yucca plant, and garden plants such as phlox and asters.Tradescant visited Virginia on three occasions in 1637, 1642 and 1654. In 1638, he was appointed

Keeper of his Majesty's Gardens, Vines, and Silkworms at Oatlands Palace, in place of his father who had died that year, and thus became head gardener to Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France. He and his father maintained a Cabinet of Curiosities known as the Ark, and added to it items collected in Virginia, including the ceremonial cloak of Chief Powhatan, an important Native American relic. Wikipedia says: “He published the contents of his father's celebrated collection as Musaeum Tradescantianum - books, coins, weapons, costumes, taxidermy, and other curiosities - dedicating the first edition to the Royal College of Physicians (with whom he was negotiating for the transfer of his botanic garden), and the second edition to the recently restored Charles II. Tradescant bequeathed his library and museum to (or some say it was swindled from him by) Elias Ashmole (1617–1692), whose name it bears as the core of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford where the Tradescant collections remain largely intact. He was buried beside his father. The genus Tradescantia was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called spiderwort. (Photo credit: Find-a-Grave)

Tra'gia: Although there may be some uncertainty about the origin of the generic epithet Tragia, several usually reputable

sources such as Gledhill in The Names of Plants and Umberto Quattrocchi in the CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names claim that it referred to Jerome Bock (1498-1554) whose Latinized name was Hieronymus Tragus. Bock is German for "male goat," while τράγος (tragos) is Ancient Greek for the same. Many of the details of his life are unclear, for instance his birthplace and where he received his early schooling, but he was a German Lutheran botanist and herbalist. He was clearly interested in botany from an early age and by 1523 was head of a botanical garden owned by the Count Palatine

Ludwig in Zweibrücken. He apparently attended the University of Heidelberg at least for a time. It is uncertain whether he studied medicine, philosophy, theology, or something else, and there does not seem to be any record of his having received a degree, but he presumably did have some theological and medical training. Following his attendance there he became a schoolteacher in Zweibrücken for nine years. In 1533 he received a life-time position as a Lutheran minister at the Benedictine church of St. Fabian in nearby Hornbach where he mostly stayed until his death. He left Hornbach for a brief period in 1550 and acted as personal physician to the Landgraf Philipp II of Nassau, whose garden he is said to have supervised. In 1551 he returned to Hornbach. He was the author of a work entitled The Neu Kreutterbuch (literally "plant book") in which he described German plants, including their names, characteristics, and medical uses, and developed his own system to classify 700 plants. He apparently traveled widely through the German region observing the plants for himself, since he includes ecological and distributional observations. The grass genus Tragus (published by Albrecht von Heller in 1768) and the spurge genus Tragia (published by Linnaeus in 1753) are both said to be named after him. He is significant for having been one of the three German ‘fathers of botany’ along with Otto Brunfels and Leonhard Fuchs, who begun the transition from medieval botany to the modern scientific worldview by arranging plants by their relation or resemblance. He died in 1554, probably of consumption, three years after his return to Hornbach. The spurge genus Tragia is called noseburn.

Trago'pogon: derived from two Greek words tragos meaning "goat" and pogon meaning "beard," suggested by its prominent, feathery hairs when in seed. The genus Tragopogon is called salsify or goat's-beard and was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Tra'gus/tra'gus: possibly from the Greek tragos, a part of the ear, literally "goat," or from Hieronymous Tragus, the Greek name for Jerome Bock (1498-1554), physician, scholar, and one of the three fathers of German botany. Dioscorides used the name for the grass that goats eat. The genus Tragus was published by Albrecht von Haller in 1768.

traill'ii: named for Traill Green (1813-1897), an American physician, botanist and educator. He was born and lived most of

his life in Easton, Pennsylvania, where his parents instilled in him a great interest in nature and science. He attended the University of Pennsylvania’s medical program and graduated in 1835. He was quickly appointed to the Philadelphia Dispensary, where he worked for one year before opening up his own medical practice in Easton, and then was invited in 1837 by newly-formed Lafayette College to become the school's professor of chemistry, where  he taught for another four years. After this he was the chair of natural sciences at Marshall College from 1841 to 1848, during which time he pursued his interests in

botany. In 1848, Green returned to Easton where he resumed his medical practice and his relationship with Lafayette College as a trustee to the school, and in 1849 he was again named head of the department of chemistry, a position he held until his death in 1897. He owned his own telescope, and took it upon himself to incorporate meteorology into the curriculum at Lafayette, donating in 1864 $15,000 towards the creation of a building which would be used to house this telescope. He also took an active role as a civic leader in the town of Easton, and acted as President of the board of the Easton Area School District, President of the Easton Cemetery Company, and Director of the Easton Gas Company. He was a trustee of the Harrisburg Hospital, first president of the American Academy of Medicine, founding member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a presiding member for many Pennsylvania medical societies affiliated with the American Medical Association. He was also elected an Associate Fellow of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. In 1841 he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts from Rutgers University, and in 1866 received the honorary degree of Legum Doctor from Washington and Jefferson College. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1868. Specimens collected by Green are held by multiple North American herbaria, including the Putnam Museum herbarium, Bailey Hortorium Herbarium at Cornell University, the Herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, and Pennsylvania State University Herbarium. He died in his hometown of Easton. (Information from Wikipedia)

trans-: a prefix meaning "across, or on the other side," e.g. transmontane, on the other side of the mountain, opposite of cismontane.

Tra'pa: Stearn says: "A contraction of calcitrappa, called a caltrop or crow's foot - a weapon of defensive war with four sharp iron points which, thrown on the ground, has one point always pointing upward particularly to pierce the hooves of cavalry horses. The reference here is to the similarly four-pointed fruit." Calcatrippe in Old English meant "plant that trips," and the only species I can find that uses the specific epithet calcitrapa (spelled with one 'p,') is Centaurea calcitrapa, the purple starthistle. The genus Trapa was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called european water-chestnut.

Trautvetter'ia: named for Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter (1809-1889), a Baltic-German botanist who specialized in the

flora of the Caucasus and central Asia and was author of De Echinope genere capita (1833) and the Decas plantarum novarum published in St. Petersburg, 1882. He was born in Jelgava, Latvia, the son of a German philosophy professor, teacher and author of De novo systemate botanico brevem notitiam  Ernst Christian Johann von Trautvetter. Wikipedia says: “He studied medicine and natural sciences at the University of Dorpat [in present-day Estonia.] From 1829 to 1831, he conducted botanical field trips throughout Livonia, returning to Jelgava in 1831 as a private instructor. In 1833 he began work as an

assistant at the botanical garden in Dorpat, two years later, performing similar duties at the botanical garden in St. Petersburg. In 1838 he relocated to Kiev as a professor of botany and director of the botanical garden. During his many years in Kiev, he served as university rector from 1847 to 1859. Later in his career, he returned to the botanical garden in St. Petersburg as an administrator and director. Here, he was tasked with publishing an account of the garden's history.” His first publication was entitled Ueber die Nebenblätter (1831) and was a work on plant stipules. In 1835 he received a doctor of philosophy degree from the University of Königsberg. After a brief time as director of the Agricultural Institute at Gory-Gorki (Mogilev) he returned to the Botanic Garden of St. Petersburg to become the director there. He retired in 1875, only to return to directorship in 1889, the same year in which he died. He was a prolific author, publishing among other things Skizze der Classen und Ordnungen des natürlichen Ppflanzensysterns which was hisassessment of the natural orders and classes of plant systems. He also added to the regional floras of northern Soberia and the Caspian-Caucusus region. The genus Trautvetteria was published by Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer and Carl Anton Meyer in 1835 and is called tassel-rue.

tremulo'ides: like the quivering poplar or quaking aspen.

triacan'thos: three-spined, from the Greek tri, "three," and acanthos, "spine."

Triaden'um: with three glands, from Greek tri-, "three-," and aden, "gland," alluding to staminodal glands alternating with sets of stamens. The genus Triadenum was published by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1837.

Trian'tha: probably the same as Trianthema, that is, three-flowered, from Greek treis- or tri-, "three," and anthos, "flower," alluding to the aggregation of flowers in threes upon the spikes. The genus Triantha was published by John Gilbert Baker in 1879 and is called false asphodel or bog asphodel.

Trianth'ema: from the Greek treis, "three," and anthemon, "flower." The genus Trianthema was published by John Gilbert Baker in 1879.

trianthophor'a: three flower bearing, from tri, "three," anthos, "flower," and phora, "to bear, bearing." None of these word roots help to explain why the genus Triphora or the species epithet for Triphora trianthophora are called the three birds orchid.

tribulo'ides: resembling either genus Tribula or genus Tribulus, although the former is the more likely.

trichocar'pa: with a hairy ovary. The species Carex trichocarpa is called hairy-fruited sedge.

tricho'des: of hairy appearance, from Greek thrix or trichos, "hair," and -odes, "like, resembling."

trichoma'nes: this one is confusing, possibly from Greek trichos, "a hair or bristle," this species is called maidenhair spleenwort or bristle fern. One source says this epithet comes from Theophrastus and means "lacking hairs." Another source says it means "hair of the head" from trichos and manes, "flowing." Latin for Gardeners says trichomanes refers to a Greek word for fern. A more dependable source, Flora of North America, says that it is from Greek thrix, "hair," and manes, "cup," alluding to the hairlike receptacle extending from the cuplike involucre. And the website Southwest Colorado Wildflowers says that it is Greek for "soft hair."

Trichophor'um: bearing hairs, from the Greek tricho -, "hair," and phorum, "carrier or stalk." The genus Trichophorum was published by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1805 and is called deergrass.

trichosper'ma: from the Latin for "hairy seeded."

Trichos'tema: from trichos, "hair," and stema, "stamens," and alluding to the hair-like stamens. The genus Trichostema was published by Johan Frederik Gronovius in 1753 and is called blue curls.

tricoc'cum: three-seeded, three-berried.

tri'color: with three colors.

tri'corne: having three corners, horns or projections, from Latin tricornis, from tri-, "three," and cornu, "horn."

tricosta'ta: with three ridges, three-ribbed.

tridenta'ta: three-toothed, from Latin tri-, "three," and dentatus, "toothed."

Trienta'lis: one-third of a foot in height, about the height of these small plants. The genus Trientalis was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called starflower.

tri'fida/tri'fidus: three cleft, divided into three.

triflor'um: three-flowered.

trifolia'ta/trifolia'tum/trifolia'tus: three-leaved.

Trifo'lium/trifo'lia/trifo'lius: from the Latin meaning "three-leaved." The genus Trifolium was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called clover.

Triglo'chin: from the Greek tri, "three," and glochis, "a point," referring to the fruit of some species. The genus Triglochin was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called arrowgrass.

triglomera'ta: with three clusters or rounded heads.

Tril'lium: from Latin tri, "three or triple." Stearn says leaves and other parts are in threes. The genus Trillium was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is commonly called trillium, toadshade or wake-robin, a name given because the flowers traditionally bloomed about the same time that the first robins of spring were sighted. One species, Trillium erectum, is called red trillium or stinking benjamin bcause it has an unpleasant musty odor more like that of a wet dog.

triner'via: three-nerved.

trilo'ba: with three-lobed leaves.

Triodan'is: from Greek treis, "three," and odons, "tooth," hence "three-toothed." The genus Triodanis was published by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1836 and is called Venus' looking-glass.

trio'num: Jaeger's Source-book of Biological Names and Terms gives two alternate etymologies for this name: (1) from New Latin trionum derived from the Greek trionon, the name of a malvaceous plant; and (2) from Latin Triones, referring to Ursa Major or the Big Dipper. A website on Ursa Major says this: "Ursa Major in English tradition is the Plough derived possibly from the Triones or Teriones, the Plough Oxen or Threshing Oxen of Roman fable; Cicero mentions them as the Septentriones, which later became a term for the north wind, the northern heavens and polar things in general." Since Hibiscus trionum is malvaceous and not particular polar or northern, the former etymology is probably correct.

Trios'teum: from the Greek tri, "three," and osteon, "a bone," from the three very hard seeds. The genus Triosteum was published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus and has been called horse-gentian or feverwort.

tripar'tita: in three parts, having three parts.

tripet'ala: three-petalled.

Triphor'a: Gledhill says bearing three lobes although what indicates the lobes I don't know. Merriam Webster says from New Latin, from tri- and -phora; from the fact that it usually bears three flowers (agsain, what indicates flowers). A website of the Northern Great Plains Herbaria says from the Greek words tri, meaning three, and phoros, meaning bearing, in reference to either the typical three flowers per plant, or the three ridges or crests on the flower lip. It seems as though no one has a clear understanding of where this name came from.

triphyl'lum: three-leaved.

Triplas'is: Gledhill says "three-times-more," the lemmas having an awn and two subulate lobes, but Wikipedia says that triplasis is Greek, meaning "threefold," referring to the triple-nerved lemmas, and Flora of Wisconsin says it derives from triplasios for "thrice as many." The genus Triplasis is called sandgrass and was published by Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois in 1812.

Trip'sacum: Stearn and others say origin obscure, but Gledhill defines it as "three-fragments," alluding to the disarticulation of the fruiting head. Another website says possibly from the Greek tripso meaning "rub or polish," and psakas meaning "a grain, or a small piece broken off," in reference to the shiny surface of the seed head. The genus Tripsacum was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1759 and is called gamagrass, possibly an alteration of grama grass.

trip'teris: three-winged.

triquin'ata: divided into three and then into five lobes, with three groups of five.

Triset'um: from tri, "three," and seta, "bristle, hair," referring to the three-bristled appearance of the lemma of the type species T. flavescens, which results from the presence of a bristle and two teeth. The genus Trisetum was published by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1805 and is called false oats.

trisper'ma: having three seeds.

tristach'yum: from Greek tri-, "three," and -stachys for an ear of corn or spike.

Tristag'ma: from Greek tri, "three," and stagma, "that which drips," alluding to the three nectar-producing pores on the ovary. The genus Tristagma was published by Eduard Friedrich Poeppig in 1833 and is called spring starflower.

trisul'ca: from Latin tri-, "three," and sulcus, "furrow," referring to the trilobed leaves.

Trit'icum: the classical Latin name for wheat. The genus Triticum was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

trivia'lis: common, ordinary. One website says trivialis means “that which is in, or belongs to, the crossroads or public streets; hence, that may be found everywhere, common.“ It is derived from trivium, which means a place where three roads meet. Legend has it that travelers would meet at the intersection of three crossroads to exchange news, gossip, and tiny interesting facts. Some think the word trivia derives from this idea."

Tsu'ga: from a Japanese name for their native hemlocks. The genus Tsuga was published by Élie Abel Carrière in 1855.

tuberculo'sa: knobbly, warted, tuberculate, diminutive of tuber, "a tumor, swelling or lump."

tubero'sa/tubero'sum/tubero'sus: tuberous, alluding to the fact that the rhizomes of some species have tubers.

tubulo'sum: tubular, pipe-like, from the Latin tubulosus, "tubular" or "equipped with a narrow pipe," approaching a cylindrical figure and hollow.

tulipif'era: tulip-bearing. Strangely enough, there appears to be a species Tulipifera liriodendron, and when you google this name most of what comes up is Liriodendron tulipifera. Three sources I routinely use are the International Plant Name Index (IPNI), the Tropicos website of the Missouri Botanical Garden, and the World Flora Online. All three have Liriodendron tulipifera published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and Tulipifera liriodendron published by Philip Miller in 1768, but they apparently refer to the same thing, so this is a puzzle.

Turrit'is: according to the Jepson Manual and Jaeger's Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms, this generic epithet is from the Latin turris for "tower" or turritus, "furnished with towers," for the orientation of the overlapping leaves and fruits, giving the plant a pyramidal shape. The genus Turritis was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called tower mustard.

Tussila'go: Stearn says: "from Latin tussis, 'a cough,' and -ago, 'action,' with reference to the use of flowers and leaves in cough remedies, including herbal tobacco." The genus Tussilago was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called coltsfoot.

Ty'pha: from the word typhe, the old Greek name for this plant, derived either from typhos, which refers to its marsh or bog habitat, or from typhe meaning “cat’s tail,” which the plant’s inflorescences resemble. The genus Typha was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

typhi'na: either antler-like or Typha-like. Gledhill says bulrush-like. Referring to the species Rhus typhina, Wikipedia says "The specific epithet typhina is explained in Carl Linnaeus and Ericus Torner's description of the plant with the phrase 'Ramis hirtis uti typhi cervini,' meaning 'the branches are rough like antlers in velvet'." The species Carex typhina is called cattail sedge for the distinctive shape of its seed heads.