jace'a: medieval name with Spanish roots for knapweed.

Jacquemon'tia: named for Venceslas Victor Jacquemont (1801-1832), a French botanist, geologist and explorer in the West

		Indies and in India, where he died. He was born in Paris the youngest of four sons. He studied medicine and geology in Paris and later took a particular interest in botany. His early travels took him around Europe. At the age of 26 he sailed on the ship Cadmus to explore in North America and the French Antilles. After being chosen by the professors at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris to collect plant and animal specimens from a country of his choice for 240 pounds a year, and after having been offered a scientific mission to India, Jacquemont traveled to India leaving Brest in August 1828.

He arrived at Calcutta on 5 May 1829,  and quickly started making an inventory of the botanical garden founded by the British East India Company. He went to Delhi on 5 March 1830 and went onwards towards the western Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau, returning south to Delhi by December 1830.  He visited Amber in Rajputana, met with the Sikh Emperor Ranjit Singh at his capital of Lahore, and visited the kingdom of Ladakh in the Himalayas. He also visited Bardhaman (Burdwan) in Bengal in November 1829. Exhausted by his travels, he died in Bombay at the age of 33 from dysentery complicated by malaria. His natural history collection was received by the Muséum in 1833 and studied by Isidore Geoffroy de Sainte-Hilaire, Henri Milne-Edwards, Emile Blanchard, Achilles Valenciennes and by the botanists Jacques Cambessèdes and Joseph Descaisne. Many plants are named after him, including the genus Jacquemontia in the Convolvulaceae published by Jacques Denys Choisy in 1834. His elegant notes and journals were later edited by Cambessèdes and published in six volumes as Voyage dans l'Inde between 1841 and 1844.

jala'pa: of Jalapa (originally Xalapan), Veracruz, Mexico, the name jalapa coming from the Spanish xalapa and in turn from Nahuatl xalapan which meant "spring in the sand," and being the specific epithet of the species Mirabilis jalapa (called Marvel of Peru) and referring to the drug jalap which was incorrectly assumed to have been extracted from this plant. After the Spanish invaded Mexico and among the local populations which included Spaniards, mestizos and indigenous peoples, items of local commerce included botanical medicines particularly the plant named Ipomoea purga which was the source of a drug known in English as Jalap, a cathartic, diuretic or purgative drug used to aid in defecation.

jamaicen'sis: of or from Jamaica.

james'ii: named for Edwin P. James (1797-1861), an American naturalist and botanical explorer in the Rocky Mountains.

He was born in Weybridge, Vermont, and was schooled at Addison County Grammar School before entering Middlebury College in 1812 and receiving his A.B. degree in 1916. . He studied medicine, then learned botany from Professor John Torrey, and in 1820 became the naturalist-surgeon of the federal government's Yellowstone Expedition led by Major Stephen Harriman Long into still largely unknown territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, exploring the Rockies all the way south into New Mexico. William Baldwin, the original botanist/surgeon of the Long expedition, had died the first year,

opening the way for James to take that position. He and two colleagues were the first Americans to ascend Pike's Peak, and he was the first plant collector to explore the high alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains. During the expedition James collected about 700 plant species in the mountains and over the prairies, of which 140 were new to science. Malaria delayed his return to Philadelphia until the autumn of 1821. He was assigned the primary responsibility for writing the account of the expedition, which was published in 1822. Wikipedia adds the following: “Subsequently James was appointed US Army surgeon to serve at various frontier outposts including the Great Lakes region; he served from 1823 to 1833. While with the Army he interacted with Native Americans, most notably the Ojibwe with whose language he became familiar. A EuroAmerican, John Tanner (captive), captured by the Ojibwe when a child and raised among them, worked closely with James in the production of the New Testament in the Ojibwe language, and in the telling of Tanner's life story. In 1827, while still working for the Army but during a return visit to the East, James married Clara Rogers. His " ... beautiful wife ... was a woman of talent and fond of society ... ". They had one child, a son named Edwin Jr., born in 1828. By ca. 1840 (the exact date is uncertain) they had permanently settled on land near Burlington, Iowa, which they developed into a productive farm. There James maintained, in his house, a station on the Underground Railroad. Clara died in 1854, leaving James in great sorrow. James himself died in 1861, the result of an accident on his farm.” Contrary to what some people think, the James Reserve in the San Jacinto Mountains which is part of the University of California Natural Reserve System was not named for Edwin James, but rather for Harry Clebourne James (1896-1978), who moved to California from Ottawa, Canada, was responsible for establishing a number of organizations and scouting clubs and for the San Gorgonio Wilderness. He had many species named for him including Carex jamesii as well as the genus Jamesia.

japon'ica/japon'icum/japon'icus: of or from Japan.

javan'ica: of or from Java, Javanese.

Jefferson'ia: named for Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), third President of the Unired States. The genus Jeffersonia was published in 1793 by Benjamin Smith Barton and is called twinleaf.

jenman'ii: named for George Samuel Jenman (1845-1902), British gardener and botanist, Superintendent of Castleton Gardens, Jamaica (1873-1879). He was born in Plymouth and trained at Kew (1871-1873) before travelling to Jamaica. While there he began his work on the ferns of the Caribbean, which was his major contribution to the field of botany. In 1879 he moved to British Guiana where he was appointed as Government Botanist and Superintendent of the Botanical Gardens. JSTOR adds: “After taking up his post in British Guiana (Guyana), which he held until his death, he was largely occupied in developing the colony's economic resources, carrying out many experiments with sugar cane. His principal botanical work was on the ferns of the West Indies, publishing numerous descriptions of new species in journals. He published in 1881 a Handlist of Jamaica Ferns and in 1898 commenced a series on the ferns of the British West Indies and Guiana in the Bulletin of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. Unfortunately he did not see the series through to completion, dying prematurely at the age of 56.” Although he didn’t finish the series, work on it was carried on and completed by his successor Henry C. Hart. In 1897 Jenman was honored by the publication of Jenmania, a genus of fungi.

joor'ii: named for Joseph Finley Joor (1848-1892), American botanist and physician. JSTOR provides this information: “He was born near Baton Rouge on the Comite River, Louisiana, but moved with his parents to Illinois when he was a young child. Growing up on the prairies he developed an interest in natural history and regularly wandered the region in search of interesting plants. In 1865 his family returned to Baton Rouge and at this time he left school to work in a pharmacy, while at the same time beginning the study of medicine. Moving to New Orleans Joor continued his education at the New Orleans School of Medicine while also working at the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. On graduating in 1870 he was named Assistant Quarantine Surgeon at Ship Island Station but soon entered into private practice in Thibodeaux, Louisiana. At this time his interest in plant collecting grew and he began to gather specimens along the Gulf Coast. It was in 1873 that he moved to Texas and set up his practice first in Harrisburg (Houston) and later in and Birdston (a town which is no longer inhabited). During the 1884-1885 Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans Joor was named Assistant Commissioner for Texas and prepared a botanical exhibit. From 1886 until his untimely death Joor worked for Tulane University's Museum of Natural History, initially as Associate Curator and from 1891 as Curator. His personal herbarium was particularly rich in specimens from the Baton Rouge, New Orleans and Galveston Bay regions of Louisiana and Harris County and Navarro in Texas, but he had also collected along the Mississippi Gulf Coast and in Mexico. The collection was donated to Missouri Botanical Garden and his particular interest in the grasses (Poaceae) is reflected in its content. Although Joor published very little, he did have the desire to create a flora of Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and had even produced such a list, but his then ailing health and a lack of resources meant that this project never came to fruition.”

juba'tum: crested or maned, with long awns, from Latin jubatus, "maned," from juba, "a mane, flowing hair on the neck of an animal," hence the common name of Hordeum jubatum as foxtail barley.

judai'ca: of or from Judaea, Palestine.

Jug'lans: a classical Latin name for walnut, possibly from Ju or Jovis, "of Jupiter or Jove," and glans, an acorn or nut, hence "Jove's nut" or "Jupiter's acorn." The common name "walnut" derives from the Old English wealhhnutu, literally meaning 'foreign nut' (from wealh, "foreign," and hnutu, "nut," because it was introduced from Gaul and Italy. The Latin name for the walnut was nux Gallica, "Gallic nut." The genus Juglans was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called walnut.

julibris'sin: the species name, Julibrissin, comes from the Persian word gul-i brisham which means "silk flower." Albizia julibrissin is known as the silk tree.

jun'cea/jun'ceus: rush-like, referring to the leafless stems of this plant, from Juncus, a rush.

junco'ides: like genus Juncus.

Jun'cus: the classical Latin name for the rush, possibly from jungere, "to join or bind," because the stems were used for binding. The genus Juncus was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called rush.

juniperor'um: the -orum suffix usually denotes a place of growth, e.g. desertorum, "of deserts," pinetorum, "of piney woods," et. al., so this epithet probably means something like "of juniper woodlands."

Junip'erus: an ancient Latin name for juniper, iuniperus, which is a combination of the word junio, "young," and parere, "to produce," hence "youth producing" or "evergreen." The genus Juniperus was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

jup'icai: derivation unknown.

Juss'iaea: named for Antoine de Jussieu (1686-1758) (picture above) and Bernard de Jussieu (1699-1777) (picture below.)

		below). Antoine was a French botanist and physician born in Lyon. He studied medicine at the University of Montpellier and travelled with his brother Bernard through Spain, Portugal and southern France collecting plants. In 1708 he became the Director of the Jardin du Roi, succeeding Joseph Pitton de Tournefort. By 1711 he was a member of the Academy of Sciences. He wrote many papers on human anatomy, zoology, paleontology, mineralogy and botany, and edited a new and revised edition of Tournefort's Institutions rei herbariae and a posthumous work of Jacques Barrelier entitled Plantae per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam observatae. He practiced medicine, chiefly devoting himself to the very poor. The following entry about Bernard de Jussieu is quoted from the online Catholic Encyclopedia. "Bernard was born at Lyons, 17 August, 1699 and died at Paris, 6 November, 1777; the date of death is sometimes given as 1776. He was educated at the large Jesuit college at Lyons until he had finished the study of rhetoric. In 1716 he accompanied his brother Antoine on the latter's journeys to Spain, and developed into an enthusiastic botanist. He studied medicine at Montpellier, obtaining his degree in 1720,

but practised medicine only for a short time. He was called to Paris by his brother Antoine, at the request of the botanist Sébastien Vaillant, and after Vaillant's death in 1722 was appointed the latter's successor as professor and assistant demonstrator at the Jardin du Roi. He devoted all his energies to the royal garden, which his brother Antoine left almost entirely to him. He also made botanical excursions in the country surrounding Paris, and was able in 1725 to issue a revised and enlarged edition of Tournefort's work, "Histoire des plantes des environs de Paris"; this publication gained his admission into the Academy of Sciences. Many persons studied botany under his guidance, such as the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. Owing to de Jussieu's unusual modesty and unselfishness he published very little, notwithstanding the wide range of his learning. He wrote an important paper on zoophytes, sea-organisms whose classification as plants or animals was then a matter of dispute. To study them he went three times to the coast of Normandy, proved in the "Mémoires" of 1742 that they belonged to the animal kingdom (before Peyssonel), and sought to classify them at this early date into genera. He also separated the whale from the fish and placed it among the mammals. The few botanical papers which he published (1739-42) treat of three water-plants. In 1758 Louis XV made de Jussieu superintendent of the royal garden at Trianon near Paris, in which all plants cultivated in France were to be reared. His greatest achievement is the system according to which he arranged and catalogued the plants in the garden at Trianon; it is called "the older Jussieu natural system of plants of 1759", or the Trianon system. Jussieu himself never published anything about his system, nor did he offer any explanation of his arrangement, or give it a theoretical foundation. The genera are not arranged systematically in groups according to a single characteristic, but after consideration of all the characteristics, which, however, are not regarded as of equal value. De Jussieu proposed three main groups, to which he gave no name; these contained altogether fourteen classes, with sixty-five orders or families. Beginning with the cryptogams, the system proceeds from the monocotyledon to the dicotyledon, and closes with the coniferæ. Before this Linnæus had pointed out that only the natural system should be the aim of botanical classification, and published, outside of his artificial system, fragments of a natural system as early as 1738. Compared to the present development of the natural system, both Linnæus and de Jussieu offer scarcely more than a weak attempt at a natural classification of plants, but their attempt is the first upon which the further development rests. De Jussieu was a thoughtful observer of nature, who behind things saw the laws and the Mind which gave the laws. Notwithstanding the great range of his knowledge he was exceedingly modest and unselfish. He was always animated by an intense love of truth, and his influence in the Academy and over French scholars was very great. He was besides deeply religious, preserving his religious principles and acting upon them to the end of his life. An old biography says of him: ‘No one has proved better than he how religious feeling can be combined with many sciences and true knowledge.’ He was a member of numerous academies and learned societies, e.g. the academies of Berlin, St. Petersburg, Upsala, London, and Bologna. In 1737 Linnæus named after him the genus Jussieua, which belongs to the family of the Onagraceæ, and at the present day includes some thirty-six tropical species, chiefly South American." Their younger brother Joseph de Jussieu (1704-1779) was also a botanist, physician and explorer who introduced the common garden heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens) to European gardeners. In 1735 he went on a scientific expedition to Peru with stopovers in Martinique, Haiti and Panama. The work of the expedition was not completed until 1743 but Joseph remained in that area for 27 more years until he returned to Paris in 1771. His work had been significant but he published nothing, most of his collections lost in transit, and his manuscripts destroyed in Lima, and his health was broken. In a state of depression he lived for another eight years in the family residence cared for by Bernard and his nephew Antoine Laurent never leaving the house. He had been elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1742 but never attended a single session. The genus Jussiaea was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called

Justic'ia: named for James Justice (1698-1763), a Scottish botanist, author and horticulturist, son of Sir James Justice. He

was apparently the first person to successfully bring a pineapple to the fruiting stage in Scotland, became involved in the tulip bulb craze and died bankrupt. His passion for gardening experiments was almost an obsession, and his willingness to spend whatever he had on greenhouses, soil mixtures and tropical plants to the detriment of his family resulted in his divorce. His continual purchases of rare bulbs and plants eventually caused him to have to sell off his estate at Crichton. He was one of the first people in Scotland to write with first-hand horticultural knowledge about practical gardening in northern climates. Although

his professional position was as Principle Clerk to the Court of Session in Edinburgh, in his leisure time he studied the problems of silviculture which he experimented on at his estates. Sometimes irascible and overly opinionated, he was an enthusiastic gardener. His works on gardening, such as The Scots Gardiner and The British Gardener, were distributed in much of Britain, Scotland and Ireland. He was a Fellow in the Royal Society but was expelled from that group for non-payment of his annual subscription. His collection of succulents was said to be the first in Scotland. He was eccentric, controversial but without question a pioneer. The genus Justicia is commonly called water-willow and was published in his honor by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.