Gaillar'dia: named for Antoine René Gaillard de Charentonneau (1720-c.1789), French magistrate, naturalist and patron of botany, member of the Académie Royale des Sciences. He received seeds of plants from the French colonies which he both cultivated himself and shared with other botanists. He was an officer of the courts from 1740 to 1771 and then again from 1774 to 1779. The genus Gaillardia was published in 1788 by French plant physiologist, archaeologist, and naturalist Auguste Denis Fougeroux de Bondaroy. He may have owned the castle of Charentonneau which had been acquired by a René Gaillard in 1671, and this may have been an ancestor. His father was also possibly named René (died 1744) and may be the René Gaillard who acquired the castle in 1671 and his grandfather was possibly named Pierre (died 1717), but there is very little information that I can confirm about him. One reference is to a "Rene Gaillard (1632-1709), lord of Monmiré and Charentonneau since 1671" and another to an Antoine Gaillard (1650-1716) who was possibly Pierre's brother. Another French source gives René Gaillard as buying the castle in 1671, then ownership passed to his brother Pierre (died 1717), Pierre's son René (died 1744) and finally to his son Antoine René, so the René Gaillard who bought the castle may have been the brother of Antoine René's grandfather. It was in the possession of the family until 1793 when it was seized by the government for some unexplained reason and later sold for the benefit of the nation. Antoine René was apparently alive at least as late as 1788. It's very difficult when you pretty much have only French websites to explore. The genus Gaillardia was published in 1786 by August Denis Fougeroux de Bondaroy.

galacifo'lia: with leaves like genus Galax.

Galac'tia: from the Greek gala, meaning milky, for the sap. The genus Galactia was published in 1756 by Patrick Browne, and is called milkpea.

Galan'thus: from the Greek gala, "milk," and anthos, "flower," alluding to the color of the flowers. The genus Galanthus was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Ga'lax: from Greek gala, "milk or milky," possibly alluding to the white flowers. The word galaxy was originally used to refer to the Milky Way. The genus Galax was published in 1753 by Linnaeus and is called simply galax.

Galear'is: hooded, helmetlike, from Latin galea, "helmet," referring to the hood over the column. The genus Galearis was published by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1837 and is called showy orchis or showy orchid.

galeob'dolon: A website of the Missouri Botanical Garden says "It may come from the Latin words galeo meaning "to cover with a helmet" and dolon meaning "a fly's sting." On the other hand, it may come from the Greek words gale meaning "weasel" and bdolos, meaning "fetid smell" (weasel-snout is a sometimes used common name for this plant)." Gledhill says: weasel-smell, a name used by Pliny

Galeop'sis: weasel-like, from the likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel, derived from Greek galeopsis from gale or galee, "weasel," and -opsis, "appearance." Gledhill says an ancient name used by Pliny that some derive from galea, "a helmet." The genus Galeopsis was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called hemp-nettle.

galericula'ta: Wkipedia says: "The Latin galericulata means "hooded", relating to the length of the flower's tube being much longer than the calyx." It derives from the Latin galer, "a helmet or small hat."

Galinso'ga: named for Mariano Martinez de Galinsoga (1757-1797), Spanish doctor in Madrid, at one time physician to the Queen consort Maria Luisa of Parma of Spain, Superintendent of the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid, and member of the Spanish Royal National Academy of Medicine which he may have helped to establish. Galinsoga wrote a 1784 book Demostración mecánica de las enfermedades que produce el uso de las cotillas about the health hazards of the wearing of corsets, and pointed out the absence of such health problems among peasant women who did not wear them. His father was ambassador to Hungary and Viscount of Royal Grace. His brother Luis was Director of the Barcelona newspaper La Vanguardia Española. The genus Galinsoga is called quickweed and galinsoga, and was published in 1794 by the Spanish botanists Hipólito Ruiz López and José Antonio Pavon.

Ga'lium: from the Greek word gala, "milk," and alluding to the fact that certain species were used to curdle milk. The genus Galium was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

gal'lica: of or from or referring to France.

Gamochae'ta: from the Greek gamos, "marriage, stigma, female part," and chaite, "bristle, mane, long hair," thus meaning "united bristle" in reference to the pappus bristles. The genus Gamochaeta is called cudweed and everlasting, and was published in 1855 by Hugh Algernon Weddell.

gatting'eri: named for Augustin Gattinger (1825-1903), German-born botanist and physician. He was born in Munich and

trained as a medical doctor at the University of Munich but was dismissed in 1849 because of his involvement in dissident student groups and the celebration of George Washington's birthday. Moving to the United States he settled in Tennessee and began to practice as a medical doctor in East Tennessee, particularly the city of Chattanooga, where he remained for 15 years. In 1864 Gattinger was forced to flee to Nashville because he had sided with the Unionists, and he began to work as an assistant surgeon in the United States Army. Later that year he was appointed State Librarian, a position he held from 1864

to 1869. During his years in East and Middle Tennessee, Dr. Gattinger pursued the study of botany, using the travelling he did as a country doctor as an opportunity to amass an extensive collection of plant specimens. He began corresponding with prominent botanists from all over the country and was able to meet many of them when they convened at a meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Science in Nashville in 1877. At this gathering he was encouraged to compile his extensive knowledge of the then unexplored botany of Tennessee into a catalog. This small volume, The Flora of Tennessee, with Special Reference to the Flora of Nashville, was self-published in 1887 and paved the way for Dr. Gattinger's subsequent work, Medicinal Plants of Tennessee, which was published in 1894 under the auspices of the State of Tennessee Department of Agriculture. His most important contribution to the field of botany was his Flora of Tennessee and Philosophy of Botany published in 1901. In 1890 he donated his extensive herbarium to the University of Tennessee where it remained until the building housing it burned to the ground in 1934 and all specimens were lost. In 2003 the state of Tennessee protected Gattinger’s Cedar Glade and Barrens, a 57-acre natural area in Wilson and Rutherford Counties.  According to the Tennessee Department of Environment & Conservation, the preserve “supports one of the largest and best-known populations of the federally endangered Tennessee purple coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis).  This pristine glade and barrens complex also supports other state rare species that include cleft phlox (Phlox bifida ssp. stellaria), evolvulus (Evolvulus pilosus), and Gattinger’s lobelia (Lobelia appendiculata var. gattingeri).  Gattinger described many cedar glades and barrens in the late 1800’s that are presently protected as state natural areas. He died in Nashville.

Gau'ra/gau'ra: from the Greek gauros, "proud," from Greek gaurē, feminine of gauros, "majestic, splendid," for the beautiful flowers of some of the species. Carl Linnaeus published the genus Gaura in 1753 and it is called beeblossom.

gayan'a: named for Jacques Etienne Gay (1786-1864), French botanist, plant collector, taxonomist and civil servant who

was born in Nyon, Switzerland, and studied at the renowned Snell Institute. Progressing rapidly he took an interest in botany and soon became associated with Jean François Aimé Gaudin, a renowned botanist then involved with the direction of the Snell Institute, who guided the youngster and taught him to collect and classify plants. Gay began to explore the flora of the Swiss Alps from a young age, and contributed to Gaudin's Flora Helvetica which would be published between 1828 and 1833 in seven volumes. He moved to Paris in 1811 and and was soon taken in by Charles Louis Huguet, Marquis de

Sémonville, who gave him a job in his office working for the Senate, and several years later, at the Restoration, Huguet named him Secretary for the Committee of Petitions of the restored Chambre des Pairs (the Peerage of France), and he worked there until it was abolished in 1848. He carried out extensive research in descriptive botany, and played a major part in the foundation of the Société Botanique de France in 1854. He produced many taxonomic works spanning a range of plant families, and collected a great deal of herbarium specimens from western Europe. As a botanist Gay thrived in Paris, meeting many prestigious botanists of the time and, while still a follower of the school of Linnaeus, he was introduced to the natural system which opened his mind to many new ideas. In 1818 Gay published his first botanical work, a description of several grass genera, and the following two years were spent occupied by the genus Crocus. From this time until 1854 he studied a number of taxa including the Caryophyllales and the families Brassicaceae, Fumariaceae, Resedaceae, Liliaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. Writing monographs for many genera, he produced an important treatment in 1821 which covered five genera of the Byttneriaceae family, a family he spent much time studying. Gay also produced some work on the topic of phytogeography and as a dedication to the two patrons of his youth, he published the genera Semonvillea and Gaudinia in 1829, the latter of which was ruled illegitimate since it was already in use by Ambroise Palisot de Beauvois. In 1824 he received the declaration of the Legion of Honour and in 1826 he married Rosalie Nillion. The genus Gaya was named for him in 1828 by Gaudin.

Gaylussac'ia: named for French chemist and physicist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850). After studying at the École

Polytechnique and the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (School of Bridges and Highways), and then becoming a research assistant to chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet, his first publication was on the thermal expansion of gases. He established that hydrogen and oxygen combine in a ratio of 2:1 to form water, and then identified a class of substances later called carbohydrates which contained hydrogen and oxygen in that ratio. He was a joint editor of Annales de chimie et de physique, held several teaching posts, and in 1818 he became a member of a government gunpowder commission In 1829 he was

appointed as the Director of the Assay Department at the Paris Mint where he created a new and accurate method for assaying silver. He worked on methods for determining the strength of alcoholic liquids and was a consultant to a glass factory. In 1839 he was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies. He was the co-discoverer of boron and identified iodine as a new element. The genus Gaylussacia was published in 1819 by Karl Sigismund Kunth.

Gelsem'ium: latinized version of the Italian word for jasmine, gelsemino, from which is also descended the name jasmine. The genus Gelsemium was published by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 and is called jessamine.

geminiscap'a: from the Latin words geminus meaning "twin," and scapus, meaning "stem." The species Utricularia geminiscapa has been called the twin-stemmed bladderwort.

genicula'ta/genicula'tus: jointed, bent like a knee at a node.

Gentia'na: named for Gentius, last King of Illyria, a kingdom near what is now Montenegro, and a royal member of the Illyrian tribe of the Ardiaei, who in the 2nd century B.C. found the roots of the herb yellow gentian or bitterwort to have a healing effect on his malaria-stricken troops. Little seems to be known about his early life, but according to the Roman historian Livy he had a brother, Plator. and a half-brother. He succeeded his father Pleuratus III who had remained loyal to Roman rule, but he led a resistance that came to be known as the Third Illyrian War in 167-168 BC. In 171 BC he was allied with the Romans against the Macedonians, but in 169 he changed sides. In that same year he apparently arranged the murder of his brother Plator and then married his (Plator’s) fiancee. The war against Roman authority ended badly and Gentius, his queen, his half-brother, and his sons were all taken into custody. The year of his death is not known for certain. The genus Gentiana is called gentian and was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. The names of the genera Genetianella and Gentianopsis while not specifically in honor of him are nevertheless derived from Gentiana and thus indirectly from his name.

Gentianel'la: "little Gentian," reflecting its having been split off from the genus Gentiana because while very similar was of different enough character and measurements to warrant its own genus. The genus Gentianella was published in 1794 by Conrad Moench and is called stiff gentian or agueweed.

Gentianop'sis: resembling or having the form of Gentian. Yu Chuan Ma published the genus in 1951 and it is called fringed gentian.

georgia'nus: of or from Georgia. The species Scirpus georgianus is called Georgia bulrush.

Geran'ium: from the Greek geranos, "crane," from the beak-like fruit. The genus Geranium was published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus and is called geranium or cranesbill.

gerard'ii: named for Louis Gérard (1733-1819), a French botanist from Provençal, physician and plant collector and author of Flora gallo-provincialis published in 1761. He was born in Cotignac and studied in Draguignan, then turned to medicine, encouraged by Joseph Lieutaud, a friend of his father who was himself a doctor. He was admitted to the faculty of Montpellier, where he met Philibert Commerson whose influence made him turn to botany. He then traveled through Provence to collect the plants that would appear in his Flora gallo-provincialis, published (in Latin) in 1761, while he was living in Paris. Bernard de Jussieu offered him a teaching position at the Jardin des Plantes, but he preferred to return to Provence to practice as a country doctor. He nevertheless continued his activities as a botanist by publishing and maintaining a correspondence with other botanists such as Carl Linnaeus, Commerson, de Jussieu, Johannes Burman, François Boissier de Sauvages, Antoine Gouan, Casimir Christoph Schmidel and Carlo Allioni. He was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1787. During the Terror, he was imprisoned with his family for having protested against the death sentence of his friend Guillaume -Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, in Cabasse.

german'ica: of or from Germany.

Ge'um: an ancient Latin name, from the Greek geno, which means to give off a pleasant fragrance. When crushed, the roots of Geum plants smell like cloves. The genus Geum was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called avens.

gib'ba: swollen on one side, from Latin gibba, gibbus for "hump" or "swelling."

gigan'tea/gigan'teum/gigan'teus: very large, gigantic.

Gillen'ia: named for Arnold Gille (Arnoldus Gillenius) (1586-1633), German botanist & physician at Kassel who established a botanical garden and wrote on horticulture. The genus Gillenia was published by Conrad Moench in 1802 and is called bowman's-root or indian-physic.

githa'go: from the Latin and Old English gith, the name of a kind of plant with aromatic black seeds (corn-cockle or Roman coriander), and -ago, a Latin substantival suffix used to indicate a resemblance or property. A. githago is now called corn-cockle, whereas Roman coriander is Nigella sativa, a plant with similar blackish caraway-like seeds.

glabel'la/glabel'lum: somewhat smooth, smoothish, from the Latin glabellus, "without hair, smooth," diminutive of glaber, "smooth, bald."

glaberri'ma/glaberri'mus: completely glabrous, from Latin glaber meaning "bald, hairless or smooth," and the superlative suffix -ima.

gla'bra/gla'brum: smooth or hairless, glabrous.

glabra'ta: becoming smooth or glabrous, from glabrō, meaning “I denude of hair or bristles.”

glabriflor'a/glabriflor'us: with glabrous or hairless flowers.

glabrius'cula: derived the Latin glaber or glabra meaning "bald, hairless or smooth" and the suffix -uscula meaning "tending towards," hence "rather smooth and glabrous."

gladia'ta: sword-like.

Glandular'ia: according to Umberto Quattrocchi, this is from the Latin glandulae, "a little acorn, tonsils," but SEINet says Glandularia means "with small glands or full of glands." The genus Glandularia was published by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1791 and is called vervain.

glandulis'sima: very glandular.

glandulo'sa/glandulo'sum/glandulo'sus: "provided with glands," referring to the secreting structures on the surface ending in hairs or other plant parts.

glastifo'lia: with leaves like genus Glastum.

glau'ca/glau'cum: with a white or grayish bloom, glaucous. One website says "This name derives from the Ancient Greek name “Gla͂ukos,” Latinized as “Glaucus.” This term was used by Homer to define the sea meaning 'silver, shiny, green (or gray) bluish.' In Greek mythology, Glaukos was a marine daemon, son of Dori and Nereo. Glaukos was also a Greek prophetic sea-god, born mortal and turned immortal upon eating a magical herb.

glauces'cens: somewhat glaucous.

glauco'dea: glaucous.

glaucophyl'lum: with glaucous leaves.

glaucop'sis: glaucous-looking.

glau'cum: having bloom, the fine, whitish powdery coating which occurs on some plants, OR being blue-green or blueish-gray in color.

Glecho'ma: from the Greek glechon, an old name for a kind of mint, possibly the pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium. The genus Glechoma was published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus and is called gill-over-the-ground.

Gledit'sia: named for German botanist and physician Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714-1786) known for his pioneer

investigations of plant sexuality and reproduction. He was born in Leipzig and died in Berlin. Wikipedia says: “He studied medicine and other subjects at the University of Leipzig (1728–35), where one of his instructors was naturalist Johann Ernst Hebenstreit (for whom the genus Hebenstreitia was named). From 1742 he gave lectures in physiology, botany and materia medica at the University of Frankfurt, afterwards relocating to Berlin as a professor of botany at the Collegium Medico-chirurgicum and director of the local botanical garden. Beginning in 1770, he gave lectures at the recently established

Institute of Forestry, where he was instrumental in providing a scientific basis for the field of forestry.  In his experiments involving plant movement, he demonstrated the influence that climatic factors had upon plant organs. Also, his views on the role that insects play in pollination of plants was considered to be ahead of its time. The botanical genus Gleditsia is named in his honor, as is the botanical journal Gleditschia.”  He was one of the founders of what we know as the study of economic botany, and published several important works, including Methodus Fungorum (1753), Systema Plantarum (1764) and Botanica Medica (1788-1789). John Clayton published the genus in 1753, and it is called honey locust or water locust.

glomera'ta/glomera'tum/glomera'tus: clustered, gathered closely.

glutino'sa/glutino'sum: sticky, gluey, glutinous. This specific epithet is derived from the Latin word gluten, meaning "glue."

Glycer'ia: from the Greek glykys, "sweet," referring to the edible grains of Glyceria fluitans. The genus Glyceria was published in 1810 by Robert Brown and is called mannagrass or sweet grass according to one website because of its sweet scent and the belief that it was the manna referred to in the Bible.

Gly'cine: from Greek glykys, "sweet or sweet-tasting," alluding to the sweetness of the roots and leaves of some species. Glycine is the genus of the soybean, and was published by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1802.

Glycyrrhi'za: from the Greek glykys, "sweet," and rhiza, "root," referring to the root of G. glabra which is the source of commercial licorice. The reason that there is a double R in the epithet Glycyrrhiza is that there is a spelling convention in Greek that says that if a stem element begins with the letter rho (the 17th letter in the Greek alphabet and a letter that is equivalent to an English R) and is preceded by an element that ends in a simple vowel, the rho or R is doubled. This convention goes back to ancient Greek which was eventually adopted by botanical Latin and modern English. Another instance of the double R in botanical names is Antirrhinum. But interestingly, I just ran across a genus in the Virginia flora, Callirhoe, which would seem to fit the requirements for a double R, but it doesn't, just showing that botanical nomenclature is as inconsistent as everything else. The genus Glycyrrhiza was published in 1753 by Linnaeus.

Gnaphal'ium: derived from the Greek gnaphalon, "a lock of wool," describing these plants as floccose-woolly." The genus Gnaphalium is called cudweed or rabbit tobacco, and was published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus.

godfreya'num: named for Robert Kenneth Godfrey (1911-2000), an American botanist and horticulturist. He was born in rural Bloomsbury, New Jersey, and took undergraduate training at Maryville College in eastern Tennessee, and began his graduate studies at North Carolina State College, Raleigh. Later he received a second Master’s degree at Harvard, and earned his doctorate in 1952 at Duke University under Dr. Hugo Leander Blomquist with his thesis, “Pluchea, section Stylismnus, in North America, the Bahama Islands and the Greater Antilles.” JSTOR has this to say: “He was employed as horticulturist at the Orton Plantation near Wilmington, North Carolina before serving as an officer in the U.S. Navy (Pacific Fleet) during World War II. Godfrey was subsequently appointed Assistant Professor of Botany at North Carolina State University (1947-1954) during which time he collected in South Africa for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, specialising in alkaloid-producing plants. He moved to Florida State University at Tallahassee in 1954 where he built up and later deposited his herbarium (FSU).“ He spent a year in foreign service as a U.S.D.A. botanist in Turkey and South Africa, there gathering wild seeds with economic or drug potential. From 1954 until his retirement in 1973 he was Curator of the Herbarium at Florida State University. He was co-author of Trees of Northern Florida, Aquatic and Wetland Plants of the Southeastern United States, Vol. I, Monocots and Vol. II, Dicots, and Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of Northern Florida and Adjacent Georgia and Alabama. A colleague and friend had these words to say about him that appeared in the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Newsletter, volume 15, June 2001: “He will be remembered as a scholar who taught much through friendly conversation, and as one who knew how to read a landscape. Some will remember him through study of the tens of thousands of examples of plants he collected, most of them in the herbarium he built at FSU carefully documented, processed, and curated by himself. His caring approach is perhaps one of the best ways to remember him, since he was, after all, a curator, therefore a part of that endangered breed of individuals who know that specimens are indisputable facts that will always provide a necessary confrontation with truth.”

goldia'na: named for John Goldie (1793-1886), Scottish-born botanist and author. He was born in Kirkoswald and was

apprenticed as a gardener and was later employed at the Glasgow Botanic Garden where he accumulated most of his knowledge of botany. He studied languages at the University of Glasgow, but never registered for a degree due to financial problems. In 1817 at the urging of Sir William Jackson Hooker, he was able to raise enough money for a trip to North America to collect botanical samples. He landed in Halifax and collected samples around Quebec and in Montreal where he met with Frederick Traugott Pursh.a fellow botanist and author of Flora americae septentrionalis; or A Systematic Arrangement and

Description of The Plants of North America. He eventually crossed the St. Lawrence River and followed the Hudson down to New York where he collected many samples in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. He found work as a teacher and remained in the New York area over the winter of 1818. In the spring he returned to Montreal where he worked as a laborer and that fall he packed up his collections to be shipped back to Scotland. His first three shipments were lost en route, but he eventually returned to Scotland with a considerable collection and resumed work at the Glasgow Botanic Garden where he met the young David Douglas who apprenticed under him for five years. In 1822, Goldie published Description of some new and rare plants discovered in Canada in 1819 in the Journal of the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. One of the plants which he brought back with him was given the name Aspidium goldianum, later Dryopteris goldieana, by Sir William Jackson Hooker. In 1824, Goldie traveled to Saint Petersburg, Russia where he was employed by Alexander I, and later by Nicholas I, to assist in establishing the Imperial Botanical Garden. After returning from Russia he set up a nursery business but financial problems caused him to decide to move the family to Canada and he purchased a farm there near Ontario. By 1850, the family was operating a grist and oatmeal mill, which was expanded in 1865 to refine local wheat for export to international markets. Having retired from the milling business in 1861, Goldie died in 1886 at the age of 93, although his sons established several successful enterprises. What he was doing for the remaining 25 years of his life I have no idea. I also don't know how goldieana became goldiana. He was married to Margaret Smith for 63 years and had nine children.

Gomphre'na from the :Latin gromphaena, a type of amaranth. The genus Gomphrena was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called globe amaranth.

Gonolo'bus: uncertain derivation, but Gledhill says angled-fruit, from Greek gonia, "a corner, joint, angle," and lobos, "a lobe," also "a capsule or pod." The genus Gonolobus called anglepod was published by André Michaux in 1803.

Good'yera: named for John Goodyer (1592-1664), an English botanist who lived in southeast Hampshire all of his life. Wikipedia provides the following: He amassed a large collection of botanical texts which were bequeathed to Magdalen College, Oxford, and translated a number of classical texts into English. He was born in Alton, Hampshire and evidently received a good education, possibly at the grammar school at Alton where he became learned in Greek and Latin. At that time he would have served an apprenticeship prior to his employment as an estate manager (steward). When he first started work, Goodyer lived at nearby Buriton, close to his employer before moving further west to the village of Droxford, in the Meon Valley. In 1629 he moved back to the Buriton area, being given the lease of a neighbouring farm and house at a nominal rate. He was married in 1632 and moved to an area of Petersfield known as The Spain, where his substantial house still stands. The house was known as The Great House at that time and as Goodyers now. Such was Goodyer's reputation that in 1643 during the English Civil War (1642–1651), Ralph Hopton, one of the senior Royalist commanders, ordered troops "to defend and protect John Goodyer, his house, family, servants and estates." This order was later found underneath the floorboards of the house. After his wife died he moved to the hamlet of Weston, near Buriton. Goodyer started working for Sir Thomas Bilson, MP, Lord of the Manor of Mapledurham, in the parish of Buriton, near Petersfield around 1616, and initially leased a nearby house from him. He also held a position as the agent for two Bishops of Winchester: Thomas Bilson (father of Sir Thomas Bilson) and later, Lancelot Andrewes. Goodyer's work involved spending much time in the countryside, and he took an interest in the plants he observed and how they were named. His intellectual interests prompted him to acquire botanical texts and to cultivate the company of apothecaries, who at that time possessed much of the knowledge of plants and their properties. Amongst these was John Parkinson in London whom he visited in 1616. His notes start from this date, reach a peak of activity by 1621, and are few following 1633. They show that the area he explored and recorded covered from Bristol, to Weymouth, Wellingborough, and Romney Marsh. His findings were mainly published by Thomas Johnson and his contemporaries, rather than by himself, leading to his work being largely forgotten after his death. They suggest that his intention was to produce a guide to the English flora, matching his observations with the texts of the continental authors he had studied, but he was never able to complete this project. Goodyer added many plants to the British flora. He is credited with clarifying the identities of the British elms, and for discovering an unusual elm endemic to the Hampshire coast between Lymington and Christchurch which was named for him as Goodyer's elm; this was believed by the botanist Ronald Melville to be a form of the Cornish elm. He is also believed to have introduced the Jerusalem artichoke to English cuisine. Although not formally trained in medicine, like many herbalists of his time, he had a small practice using herbal remedies, skills he passed on to his nephew. One of his most important contributions was his work with botanist Thomas Johnson in producing a revised and corrected edition of John Gerard's Herbal (1597), arguably the greatest English herbal of its time, in 1633. Johnson called him his "onely assistant". He also translated a Latin version of Dioscorides's work, De Materia Medica, and Theophrastus' Historia Plantarum (1623). He died in April or early May 1664 at the age of 71 and was buried in an unmarked grave near his wife's at St Mary's Church, Buriton. He bequeathed his papers and extensive collection of 239 printed works to Magdalen College, Oxford in 1664. In his time Goodyer was well regarded, the contemporary botanist William Coles calling him "the ablest Herbarist now living in England" in 1657. But because of the lack of publications during his lifetime he remained largely forgotten and unrecognized after his death. He is mentioned in neither the Dictionary of National Biography (1890) nor the first Flora of Hampshire (1883). Canon John Vaughan is credited with rediscovering Goodyer and called him the "forgotten Botanist" in 1909. In 1912 J.W. White described how Goodyer contributed to the work of many other botanists and made their work better known, and he became recognised as one of the earliest and ablest amateur British botanists, and around this time a stained glass window was installed in St Mary's Church, Buriton, as a memorial to him after funds were raised by public description. The genus Goodyera was published by Robert Brown in 1813 and is called rattlesnake-plantain.

gordon'ii:

gossypi'na: cottony, or resembling Gossypium.

Gossyp'ium: cotton, from Latin gossypinus and Greek gossypion, ultimately probably from Arabic goz or gothn, a silky or soft substance. The genus Gossypium was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called cotton.

grac'ilens: slim, slender, from Latin gracilis, "slender, thin, fine; plain, simple, meager."

graciles'cens: slenderish, somewhat slender.

grac'ile/grac'ilis: slender, graceful.

gracil'lima: very slender, most graceful.

gramin'ea/gramin'eum: resembling grass, grassy.

graminifo'lia: from Latin gramin, 'grass' and folia, 'leaves,' thus with grass-like foliage.

grandidenta'ta: having big teeth.

grandiflor'a/grandiflor'um: large-flowered.

grandifo'lia: having large leaves.

gran'dis: big, showy.

granular'is: as if composed of granules, knots or tubercles. Same as granulatus.

Gratio'la: from Latin gratia, "agreeableness, grace or pleasantness," and -ola, a diminutive, alluding to the medical and healing qualities of these herbs. The genus Gratiola was published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and is called hedge-hyssop.

graveo'lens: strong or ill-smelling (compare beneolens, suaveolens), from Latin gravis, “heavy,” and olens, “smelling.”

grav'ida: pregnant, laden, full, loaded, swollen, from Latin gravis, "burdened, heavy."

gray'i: named for Asa Gray (1810-1888), one of the most eminent American botanists and professor at Harvard, who

played an important part in the identification of many Sierra wildflowers, and whose guides in Yosemite were John Muir and Galen Clark. He graduated from Fairfield Medical College with an M.D. and opened a medical office in Bridgewater, New York, where he had served an apprenticeship with a doctor, yet he never truly practiced medicine. Botany was more important. He taught chemistry, mineralogy, and botany at Bartlett's High School in Utica, New York, and at Fairfield Medical School, and later became an assistant to John Torrey at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York

City. In 1835 he left his position with Torrey (although they became lifelong friends) and the following year became curator and librarian at the Lyceum of Natural History in New York, now called the New York Academy of Sciences. In 1838, Gray became the very first permanent paid professor at the newly founded University of Michigan and then was appointed Professor of Botany and Zoology, and then was sent to Europe to contact botanists and botanical institutions there, visiting Glasgow, London, Paris, Genoa, Rome, Florence, Venice, Bologna, Padua, Trieste, and Vienna, and meeting Sir William Hooker and many others along the way. In 1842 he began his career at Harvard. Around that time he met George Engelmann who became a lifelong friend and valued plant collector for Gray. He asked Wilhelm Nikolaus Suksdorf, the German immigrant who had become a specialist in the flora of the Pacific Northwest, to come to Harvard to be his assistant. Over the intervening decades, he travelled, worked on the herbarium collection, corresponded widely, was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, was one of the original 50 founding members of the National Academy of Sciences, was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1872 and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1863–1873, a regent at the Smithsonian Institution in 1874–1888 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London in 1873, and donated 200,000 plant specimens and 2,200 books to Harvard, in effect creating the botany department there. In 1872 he resigned his professorship to devote himself full time to botanical work and to finish his Flora of North America.  More than 10,000 letters to Gray have been preserved from hundreds of correspondents including John Torrey, George Engelmann, Charles Darwin and Muir, and this was one of his greatest accomplishments, the ability and desire to create a vast network of scientists who communicated with each other and shared their work with each other.  Gray made st least two other trips to Europe to collaborate with leading European scientists of the era such as George Bentham and William Henry Harvey, as well as trips to the southern and western United States. He also built an extensive network of specimen collectors. His life's goal was to describe all known plants of the United States, a task that no one man could ever achieve, but he dominated American botany like no other, and was honored by the naming of the genus Grayia by Sir William Hooker in Glasgow. One of his most popular books was Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, from New England to Wisconsin and South to Ohio and Pennsylvania Inclusive, referred to now simply as Gray’s Manual, but he wrote many others including Gray’s School and Field Book of Botany, Synoptical Flora of North America, How Plants Grow, How Plants Behave and Darwiniana. Many of the most significant plant collectors who scoured the West for new species sent their samples back to Asa Gray at Harvard for identification. To say that he was a giant in the field of botany is a gross understatement. He had upwards of a hundred taxa named for him as well as the genus Grayia.

Grew'ia: named for Nehemia Grew (1641-1712), English botanist, physician, and microscopist, known as the "Father of

		Plant Anatomy." There doesn’t appear to be much information available about his early life or for the latter part of his life, but he was born in Warwickshire the son of a vicar, and received his B.A. from Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, in 1661 and his M.D. from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, in 1671. He was a practicing doctor first in Coventry and then in London. His training in animal anatomy led to his interest in the anatomy of plants. He began observations on the anatomy of plants in 1664, and in 1670 his essay, The Anatomy of Vegetables begun, was communicated to the Royal Society by Bishop

Wilkins, on whose recommendation he was in the following year elected a fellow. He soon acquired an extensive practice as a physician and in 1673 he published his Idea of a Phytological History. In 1682 appeared his great work on the Anatomy of Plants, which also was largely a collection of previous publications. It was divided into four books, Anatomy of Vegetables begun, Anatomy of Roots, Anatomy of Trunks and Anatomy of Leaves, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds, and was illustrated with eighty-two plates. The Anatomy is especially notable for its descriptions of plant structure. He described nearly all the key differences of morphology of stem and root, showed that the flowers of the Asteraceae are built of multiple units, and correctly hypothesized that stamens are male organs and that the pistil corresponds to the sex organ of the female. Anatomy of Plants also contains the first known microscopic description of pollen. And Grew’s work led to the understanding that while all pollen is roughly globular, size and shape is different between species, however pollen grains within a species are all alike. Carl Linnaeus named a genus of trees Grewia in his honor.

Grindel'ia: named for David Hieronymus Grindel (1776-1836), who was born Dāvids Hieronīms Grindelis, a Latvian

pharmacologist, physician, chemist, botanist, author of textbooks on physics and professor of chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Tartu in Estonia. Grindel attended school in Riga and also received private tutoring. He studied botany and medicine at the University of Jena from 1795 to 1797 and then returned to Riga. In 1800, he was the first Latvian in Saint Petersburg to pass his exams as a pharmacist and chemist, and in 1802 the University of Jena awarded him a doctorate. Establishing himself as a pharmacist, with his teacher and mentor Johann Gottlieb Struve he founded the Riga Pharmacist and

Chemist Association in 1803. He returned to Tartu in Estonia in 1804 where he became professor of chemistry and pharmacy and rector of the University. He gave up his professorship in 1814 and took over the pharmacy in Riga that he had owned previously. His thoughts turned back to medicine and from 1820 to 1823 he studied to become a doctor at the University of Tartu while at the same time giving lectures in chemistry. He began practicing in Riga in 1823 and the next year became Riga district doctor. From 1807 he was a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine and Surgery in St. Petersburg. The genus Grindelia was published in 1807 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow and is called gumplant.

gris'ea: gray.

groenland'ica: of or from Greenland.

grono'vii: named for Jan Frederick Gronovius (1686-1762), a Dutch botanist, magistrate and patron and friend of Carl

Linnaeus. He was born and died in Leiden in the Netherlands. JSTOR has this to say: “He had a fine herbarium of specimens acquired from collectors around the world. Significantly he came to possess much botanical material from Virginia, collected there by John Clayton in the 1730s. These specimens formed the basis of Gronovius' Flora Virginica (1739-1743), which the Dutch botanist produced without informing Clayton. He also compiled a Flora Orientalis, based on the Rauwolf herbarium, and was the first author of Linnaea borealis, a plant from Lapland whose name commemorates the Swedish naturalist

(the name was later formalised by Linnaeus). Gronovius and Linnaeus first met shortly after Linnaeus arrived in Holland in 1735 and Gronovius quickly became one of his main patrons, admirers and closest friends in Europe. His visit there became a three-year stay with stopovers in England, France and Germany, and while in the Netherlands, Linnaeus studied much of Gronovius' Clayton material and acquired duplicates of specimens in the collection. The original Clayton herbarium was later acquired by Joseph Banks and is now at the herbarium of the Natural History Museum in London. Linnaeus' knowledge of North American plants at the time he published his Species Plantarum (1753), was largely based on the Clayton herbarium (in addition to collections by Pehr Kalm). Earlier, when he had first met Gronovius, the latter was so struck by Linnaeus' manuscript Systemae Naturae that the Dutch naturalist published it at his own expense, in eight folio sheets." A fascinating article by Jose Mari-Mut entitled “On the Authorship of Linnaea and the Etymology of Moraea” discusses how Linnaeus actually intended at first to publish the name Linnaea after himself, something that had never been done, and while some sources still list Gronovius as the author, it is currently recorded as having been published by Linnaeus. Gronovius was married first to Margaretha Trigland and then to Johanna Alensoon. His son Laurens Theodoor Gronovius (1730-1777) became a botanist also who amassed an extensive collection of zoological and botanical specimens, and is especially remembered for his work in the field of ichthyology, where he played a significant role in the classification of fishes.

grosseserra'tus: with large saw-like teeth.

grypose'pala: having hooked sepal-apices, from the Greek grypos, "curved or hooked," and sepala, "sepal." One of the common names of Agrimonia gryposepala is grooveburr, which comes from the grooved shape of the seedpod or burr.

Guizo'tia: named for Francois Pierre Guillaume Guizot (1787-1874), a French historian, orator and statesman who was a

dominant figure in French politics prior to the Revolution of 1848, opposed the attempt by King Charles X to usurp legislative power, and worked to sustain a constitutional monarchy following the July Revolution of 1830. In 1794 when François Guizot was 6, his father was executed on the scaffold at Nîmes during the Reign of Terror. He was educated in Geneva and arrived in Paris in 1805, entering into the position of tutor for the family of the former Swiss minister in France. Over the next few years he wrote a review of François-René de Chateaubriand's Martyrs, which won Chateaubriand's approbation

and thanks, and he continued to contribute largely to the periodical press. In 1812 he published a translation of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. In 1814 he was selected to serve the government of King Louis XVIII, in the capacity of secretary-general of the ministry of the interior, but resigned upon the return of Napoleon from Elba. During the following years he held a number of positions in various governments as the political history of France continued to be fairly chaotic. He was Minister of Education, Ambassador to London and Foreign Minister during the reign of Louis Philippe, and finally Prime Minister of France from September 1847 to February 1848. He supported restricting suffrage to propertied men and opposed those who wanted a larger extension of the franchise, actions which helped to inspire the revolution of 1848 which overhrew Louis Philippe and initiated the Second Republic. His position being insecure, he escaped to England where he was received warmly. Back in Paris in 1850 he proceeded to published two more volumes on the English revolution, Pourquoi la Révolution d'Angleterre a-t-elle reussi? and Discours sur l'histoire, de la Révolution d'Angleterre, and subsequently produced Histoire de la république d'Angleterre et de Cromwell in two volumes in 1854 and Histoire du protectorat de Cromwell et du rétablissement des Stuarts in two volumes in 1856. Then came his massive nine-volume work Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de mon temps from 1858 to 1868. His final work was Histoire de France racontée à mes petits enfants. He remained mentally vigorous until the time of his final peaceful death in 1874. The genus Guizotia was named for him by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in 1829, although I have no information as to why he was so chosen.

Gymnocar'pium: with naked fruit. The genus Gymnocarpium was published in 1851 by Edward Newman.

Gymnocla'dus: bare-branched, from the Greek word gymnos for "naked" and klados for "branch." The genus Gymnocladus was published in 1785 by Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck and is called coffee-tree.

Gymno'pogon: exposed-beard, from Greek gymnos or gumnos, "naked," and pogon, "beard," alluding to a well-developed naked rachilla (axis of a grass or sedge spikelet) extension or to the unadorned prolongation of the rachilla. The genus Gymnopogon was published by Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois in 1812 and is called beard grass or skeleton grass.

gynan'dra: no specific etymological meaning or derivation available, but presumably from the Greek gyne, "a woman," and andros, "a man." There is a genus Gynandris, for which Stearn gives the same roots, and further says "in allusion to the union of the stamens with the pistil." And the website A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin of the Missouri Botanical Garden says "Gynandria,-orum, abl. pl. gynandriis: A class of plants in the Linnæan system, whose stamens grow out of, or are united with, the pistil."

gy'rans: Gledhill says revolving, moving in circles.